A virus infects and causes sickness by entering a cell and making copies of itself inside the host cell. When released from infected cells, the virus can spread through the body and between people. How much a virus has replicated determines its severity. Less replication of the virus means the infected person may experience less disease or is less likely to spread the disease to someone else, says Sabra Klein, PhD, of Johns Hopkins University and lead investigator of the study.

To examine how oestrogen affected the flu virus’s ability to replicate, the research team gathered nasal cells — the cell type that the flu virus primarily infects — from male and female donors. The researchers exposed the cell cultures to the virus, oestrogen, the environmental estrogen bisphenol A and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM), which are compounds that act like oestrogen that are used for hormone therapy.

The researchers found that oestrogen, SERM compound raloxifene and bisphenol A reduced flu virus replication in nasal cells from women but not men. They also observed that the oestrogens initiated their antiviral effects through oestrogen receptor beta. Receptors are protein structures that molecules bind to induce cells to respond.

According to Klein, “Other studies have shown that oestrogens have antiviral properties against HIV, Ebola and hepatitis viruses. What makes our study unique is two-fold. First, we conducted our study using primary cells directly isolated from patients, allowing us to directly identify the sex-specific effect of oestrogens. Second, this is the first study to identify the oestrogen receptor responsible for the antiviral effects of oestrogens, bringing us closer to understanding the mechanisms mediating this conserved antiviral effect of oestrogens.”

The findings in this new study support earlier evidence from studies in animals that showed protective effects of oestrogen against the flu. “Because oestrogen levels cycle in premenopausal women, it may be difficult to see this protective effect in the general population,” Klein notes. “But, premenopausal women on certain kinds of birth control or post-menopausal women on hormone replacement may be better protected during seasonal influenza epidemics,” she says. “We see clinical potential in the finding that therapeutic oestrogens that are used for treating infertility and menopause may also protect against the flu.”

The article “Estrogenic compounds reduce influenza A virus replication in primary human nasal epithelial cells derived from female, but not male, donors” is published ahead-of-print in the American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology.

American Physiological Society (APS). “Not the weaker sex: Estrogen protects women against the flu, study finds: Study in human cells supports why the flu may hit men harder than women.” <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/160112093424.htm>.